CYBERTRAINING

- ARSCIPRO'S WORKSHOP - © 1986-2009 - Jacques Gurfinkiel

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02

The Shooting
technical way only

During the shooting, on the set:

The images and the sounds are recorded on separate supports:

• The image is recorded on a negative 35mm wide film.

• The sound on a tape:
  6,25mm wide (the tape of the traditional tape recorders)
  or on K7 for numerical recorder DAT

For engines used, see course of technology

For the image:

• camera + accessories

• lighting + accessories

• shooting 35mm film

• machinery
  

For the sound:

• synchronous recorder (tape recorder NAGRA)
  tape 6,25

• or numerical recorder DAT

Results of shooting

For the image:

The exposed film is deposited as soon as possible at the laboratory. Before being developed, one says that one has a latent image.

At The Laboratory:

The exposed film is developed, it always acts of negative film.
The examination of developed negative film makes it possible to appreciate the results of the shooting. But this element is not exploitable directly, the values are reversed there, and it is advisable to handle it the least as possible: it is the original.
To obtain a positive image (which respects the values), a printed copy must be done (as for photographic works on paper, printed from negative). The negative original is printed to obtain the First Positive copy.
The operation of adjustment of the printer is called the calibration. (?, étalonnage in french)
This positive is projected and can be given just as it is to the customer (projection of the "rushes").
The positive copy can also be synchronized with the magnetic sound. One then makes a projection of "synchronized rushes" (double tape projection).

Recently, the methods of virtual editing which use data processing, make that this traditional way is modified more and more: the negative one is not printed in the form of positive, but passes directly to the telecinema and then digitized. Synchronization is done automatically or semi-automatically by the use of Key-codes and Time-codes.

However, much of professionals currently ask that rushes or at least part of the rushes to be printed on positive and be projected, because it is the only possibility to control the real impact of the images turned on the set.

For the sound:

The sound recorded on tape 6,25 or DAT, is deposited with the rerecording service of a Sound Studio.
The sound of the shooting is then rerecordrd on a perforated tape of the same format than the image, i.e.: 35m/m.
During rerecording, one respects synchronism with the camera, therefore to specify to rerecord with 24 im/s or 25 im/s according to the speed of the camera.

These technical operations provide the results of the shooting: the "rushes", i.e.:

positive image

sound on tape of the same format than the film and synchronized.

This image and sound "material" is then used for the post-production.

Film shot with intentions of only airing on Television sync audio differently than films shot with intentions of projecting.
Since television programs air from Digital Tape formats, like Digital Beta-cam, the audio DAT (or DA88)sound recorded on the set is synced with the Positive film images in a Telecine bay.
The Telecine operator uses the Clapsticks and or Keycode, at the beginning of each take, to visually sync picture with sound. The synced elements are then layed down onto video tape. The synced images of all takes are known as "Dailies" in the States and commonly referred to as "Rushes" in Europe.
These tapes are brought to the edit bay and digitized into a digital non-linear editing system, such as an AVID, and the editor is able to begin cutting the film.